The battle against canine parvovirus

Animal Care

  9 Minutes
Canine parvovirus, often referred to as: “parvo,” is a notorious viral infection that has struck fear into the hearts of dog owners. Found worldwide, canine parvovirus is a virulent and highly contagious disease that poses a threat to all dogs, regardless of age, breed, or location. It targets the gastrointestinal tract and immune system of infected dogs, leading to severe symptoms, including extreme lethargy, vomiting, diarrhoea, and loss of appetite.

This virus can be found everywhere and anywhere, from dog parks and pet shelters to your home. In this article, we explore this devastating virus, including its potential consequences, its ability to survive harsh environmental conditions, and how to keep your beloved pet safe.

What is Canine Parvovirus?

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), which belongs to the Parvoviridae family. It has two main variants, CPV-2a and CPV-2b, which are responsible for the majority of infections in dogs. Dogs contract the virus through direct or indirect contact with infected dogs or contaminated environments.

Direct transmission occurs when a healthy dog comes into contact with the bodily fluids (faeces, vomit, saliva) of an infected dog. Indirect transmission can happen when a dog encounters contaminated objects, surfaces, or people who inadvertently spread the virus. Puppies, unvaccinated dogs, and those with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible. In severe cases, Canine parvovirus can lead to shock, organ failure, and death. Timely intervention and supportive care are critical to a dog’s survival.

Symptoms of Canine Parvovirus:

Canine parvovirus directly attacks your pet’s cells with a primary focus on the dog’s gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms of parvo can be severe and include:

  1. Severe diarrhoea: Often bloody and foul-smelling.
  2. Vomiting: Frequent and persistent.
  3. Lethargy: Profound weakness and lack of energy.
  4. Anorexia: Loss of appetite.
  5. Dehydration: Resulting from vomiting and diarrhoea, leading to sunken eyes, dry, pale gums, and increased heart rate.
  6. Fever: Elevated body temperature.

Where Can Canine Parvovirus be found?
Where Can Canine Parvovirus Be Found?

Canine parvovirus knows no geographical boundaries. It lurks in urban areas, rural landscapes, and everywhere in between. Found in dog parks, pet shelters, your local neighbourhood, and even within the confines of your own home, its existence emphasises the need for vigilance as it can threaten your dog’s health no matter where you live or where you take your furry friend for a walk.

Transmission of Canine Parvovirus:

Canine parvovirus spreads through direct and indirect contact. Infected dogs shed the virus in their faeces and vomit, which can contaminate the environment and serve as a source. Here are common ways the virus can be transmitted:

  1. Direct dog-to-dog contact. Contact and exposure to infected bodily fluids during interactions with other dogs.
  2. Contaminated environments. Parvovirus can survive on surfaces, such as grass, soil, clothing, and pet equipment, for an extended period. Healthy dogs coming into contact with these contaminated surfaces can become infected.
  3. Human transmission. Humans can inadvertently spread the virus by carrying it on their hands, shoes, or clothing after contact with infected dogs or contaminated surfaces.

When Does Canine Parvovirus Strike?

Canine parvovirus doesn’t adhere to a set schedule, and it can strike at any time of the year. However, there may be some seasonal variation in the prevalence and activity of canine parvovirus. In South Africa, factors such as environmental conditions, population density, and the presence of susceptible dogs can influence when and where the virus becomes more active. Generally, the virus tends to be more prevalent during the cooler and wetter months, typically in the winter and early spring.

There are several reasons for this:

  1. Environmental conditions: Canine parvovirus can survive on surfaces and the soil for as long as nine years in a contaminated area because it is able to withstand freezing temperatures and many disinfectants. Spring and winter provide the ideal atmosphere for the virus to remain infectious.
  2. Puppy births: Puppies are particularly vulnerable to canine parvovirus due to their immature immune systems. This contributes to an increase in the prevalence of the virus.
  3. Seasonal changes in viral shedding: The primary source of the virus is the faeces of infected dogs. The virus begins to spread in the faeces just before any signs develop, which contributes to increased transmission and outbreaks.

Why Is Canine Parvovirus So Dangerous?

The danger of canine parvovirus lies in its ability to induce rapid and severe illness in infected dogs. When untreated, canine parvovirus often leads to death. It’s a traumatic ordeal for both dogs and their owners. Here are key reasons why canine parvovirus is so dangerous:

  • Highly contagious: Canine parvovirus is highly contagious and easily transmitted from infected dogs to healthy ones.
  • Environmental resilience: The virus can survive in the environment for extended periods, even in adverse conditions.
  • No specific treatment: While supportive care and management can help alleviate symptoms and improve a dog’s chances of survival, there is no specific antiviral medication available to combat canine parvovirus. Dogs must rely on their own immune systems to fight the infection, which can be a lengthy and uncertain process.
  • Fast progression: Canine parvovirus can progress rapidly, causing severe damage to the dog’s gastrointestinal tract and immune system within a short period. This rapid progression can make it challenging to provide timely treatment.
  • Dehydration and shock: Severe diarrhoea and vomiting caused by the virus can lead to rapid fluid loss and dehydration, which can result in shock if left untreated. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is inadequate blood flow to vital organs.
  • Compromised immune systems: Puppies, with their developing immune systems, are especially vulnerable to the virus. Additionally, dogs with pre-existing health conditions or those on immunosuppressive medications are at greater risk of severe illness.
  • High mortality rate: Without prompt and appropriate treatment, canine parvovirus can be fatal. Even with treatment, there is no guarantee of a full recovery, and the mortality rate for severe cases remains relatively high.
Diagnosis of Canine Parvovirus:

Diagnosing canine parvovirus involves a combination of clinical evaluation, history assessment, and laboratory tests conducted by a veterinarian. The process may include the following steps:

  1. Physical examination: The veterinarian examines the dog for symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, and dehydration.
  2. Faecal test: One of the most common diagnostic tests for canine parvovirus involves a faecal sample. This test is usually rapid and can provide quick results.
  3. Blood tests: Blood tests may reveal a low white blood cell count and electrolyte imbalances, which are common in parvo cases.
  4. Imaging: X-rays or ultrasound scans may be used to assess the condition of the dog’s gastrointestinal tract.

What are the treatment options for dogs with Canine Parvovirus?

What are the treatment options for dogs with Canine Parvovirus?

The treatment of dogs with canine parvovirus primarily involves supportive care to manage the symptoms and improve their chances of recovery. While there is no specific antiviral medication for canine parvovirus, the following treatment options are commonly employed:

  1. Fluid therapy: Intravenous (IV) fluids are administered to combat dehydration, correct electrolyte imbalances, and maintain hydration. Dehydration is a significant concern in canine parvovirus cases due to severe diarrhoea and vomiting.
  2. Anti-nausea medication: Medications, such as antiemetics, are used to control vomiting and reduce nausea, allowing the dog to retain fluids and nutrients.
  3. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are often prescribed to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections. The damaged intestinal lining can make dogs more susceptible to bacterial invasion.
  4. Anima-Strath: Anima-Strath as a supportive treatment to enhance the immune system. Made of a Unique Strath Plasmolysate, Anima-Strath works directly on the immune system helping it to function at its best during times of physical distress. It is also proven increase the absorption of nutrients in the gut, aiding the gastrointestinal tract.
  5. A.Vogel Echinaforce: A.Vogel Echinaforce assists to modulate the immune response to infections with its proven antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.
  6. Pain management: Dogs with canine parvovirus may experience abdominal discomfort and pain. Pain management medications may be prescribed by your vet to alleviate their discomfort.

It is of utmost importance that you admit your dog to your nearest veterinary hospital if you suspect he/she has parvovirus. Home remedies and self-medicating your dog may not be safe or sufficient in treating canine parvovirus. The specific treatment plan for a dog with canine parvovirus will depend on the severity of their condition and the recommendations of the attending veterinarian.

How can you protect your dog from Canine Parvovirus?

Prevention is the cornerstone of safeguarding your canine companion against canine parvovirus. Protecting your dogs from canine parvovirus will involve a combination of preventive measures. Here are several steps you can take to reduce the risk of your dog contracting the virus:

  1. Vaccination: This is first and foremost the most important measure in keeping your dog safe from infection. Ensuring your dog is up-to-date on vaccinations is essential. Puppies typically receive a series of vaccinations starting at around six weeks of age and continuing every three to four weeks until they are about 16 weeks old. Adult dogs should receive annual booster shots to maintain their immunity.
  2. Hygiene and cleaning: Regularly clean and disinfect your dog’s living area, food and water bowls, toys, and any areas where your dog has had contact with faeces or vomit. Dispose of waste properly and promptly.
  3. Limit exposure: Avoid taking unvaccinated puppies to areas with a high risk of canine parvovirus, such as dog parks, until they are fully immunised. Be cautious when introducing a new dog to your household, especially if their vaccination status is unknown.
  4. Early veterinary care: If you suspect your dog may be showing symptoms of canine parvovirus, seek immediate veterinary attention. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the chances of recovery.
  5. Quarantine and isolation: If your dog is diagnosed with canine parvovirus, follow your veterinarian’s guidance on quarantine and isolation procedures to prevent the spread of the virus to other dogs.
  6. Good nutrition and Anima-Strath: Ensure that your dog receives a balanced diet that supports their overall health and immune system. Anima-Strath is a fantastic immune modulator, ensuring the body is ready and strong enough to fight infection. A healthy immune system can better combat infections, including canine parvovirus.
  7. Regular veterinary check-ups: Routine visits to the veterinarian can help monitor your dog’s overall health and discuss specific preventive measures based on your dog’s age, breed, and individual needs.
  8. Vaccinate pregnant dogs: If you have a pregnant dog, consult with your veterinarian about vaccination to protect both the mother and her puppies.
  9. Practice good personal hygiene: As a responsible pet owner, practice good personal hygiene. Wash your hands thoroughly after handling dogs or coming into contact with faeces, and change your clothing if you’ve been in environments with potential virus exposure.

By taking these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the risk of your dog contracting canine parvovirus.

Canine parvovirus is an invisible threat that can harm your dog’s health. Its omnipresence, coupled with its potential severity, underscores the necessity for all dog owners to be informed about this disease. But with vigilance, responsible ownership, and the guidance of veterinary professionals, you can ensure your dog enjoys a life full of tail wags and playfulness without unnecessary risks.

This article originally appeared on Anima-Strath and can be found here: The battle against Canine Parvovirus

References and additional reading:

  1. Parvo in dogs (no date) PetMD. Available at: https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/c_dg_canine_parvovirus_infection
  2. Gallagher, A. (2023) Canine parvovirus – digestive system, MSD Veterinary Manual. Available at: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus